Prominence is a measure of how distinct a mountain is from nearby peaks, so a peak with a high prominence tend to be the highest points around and they generally have amazing views. The Kabardanians live in the lowlands and are generally Christian, the Balkarians live in the mountains and are generally Muslim.
They live peacefully and the few small villages which are at the base of the mountain on the south side — Terskol, Cheget and Azau — become thriving ski resorts in the winter. Some of the best heli-skiing in the world can be found in this area! The local people are quite traditional and conservative in nature, they make a living from the mountain and they enjoy food and wine and dancing. The local gastronomic is lamb shashlyk, which are large skewers of lamb cooked over an apple wood fire.
In ancient mythology the mountain plays a significant and painful role for Prometheus who was chained to it by Zeus as a punishment for stealing fire from the gods and giving it to mankind. Every day the eagles would peck out his heart but in the morning he would be restored, only to suffer the same again. The weather is most stable during July and August but you can climb from early June to early September if you have the right equipment.
Cold and wind are continual problems to prepare for on Mount Elbrus , even in the height of the summer. Above the snow line temperatures can be minus 30 C and the wind can be very strong.
A lot of problems are caused by storms rising during the day and groups caught out in bad visibility. Because the mountain is situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, the effect of these two large bodies of water has a significant impact on weather, as does a particularly cold northerly which blows down from Siberia.
At that time the relief shows a peneplain covered with tropical forests and swamps. In the Triassic a shallow sea invaded the continental shelf and in the Upper Jurassic the sediments sailors were accumulating at the bottom of the sea.
At that time, Mont Blanc was more than 10, m deep. The progressive approach of the African and Eurasian plates made, 30 million years ago, the Apulian plate or Adriatic plate [ 66 ] collided with the Eurasian plate, causing a compression of the terrain and an elevation of the altitudes.
The push of the Adriatic plate made the crystalline plinth re-emerge in the region of the Mont Blanc massif, running and folding the sedimentary layer that covered it outwards to form the French Pre-Alps. The orogenesis of the massif gave rise to an unprecedented rise of metamorphic rocks in the Alps, creating a drop of more than 4, m in altitude. At such high altitudes, the alternating action of ice and thaw on the rocky structure of the massif cut the peaks into sharp peaks.
Due to its type of orogenesis, the Mont Blanc massif belongs to the external crystalline massifs of the Alps, of the Hercynian type. Its current appearance corresponds to an intrusive pluto of granite and gneiss , whose emerged limits sink below the sedimentary layer in which it is embedded.
The crests of these stands correspond to the highest peaks of the massif. In the heart of the massif, the boundary between the granite that predominates in the northern part and the gneiss that forms the bulk of the southern part, passes just north of the summit of Mont Blanc, so it is thought that under its layer of ice the base of the beak is made of gneiss. The slow cooling of the rocks that make up the structure of Mont Blanc makes it a famous mineralogical locality from which a large number of diverse minerals come, especially quartz and pink fluorite , considered among the best in the world and highly appreciated by collectors.
As testimony to the mining past in the massif, on the Italian side there are two old galena and blenda mines , long abandoned. One was already known in ancient times with the name of Trou des Romains , because it was the Romans who wanted to start their exploitation. At 3, m, at Helbronner Point , it is possible to visit a permanent sample of crystals from Mont Blanc, which has exposed minerals, among which particular varieties of rock quartz or minerals from the old mine stand out, such as native gold.
For at least two centuries, the appeal of these mountains has attracted a good number of tourists year after year , especially in the French part of the massif, which has radically transformed the area, customs and culture. In the 19th century and until the first decade of the 20th century, the villages of Courmayeur , Chamonix-Mont-Blanc and Saint-Gervais-les-Bains were summer resorts, frequented by the nobility, the gentry, some scientists and the first mountaineers.
But right after WWI , the appearance of the first funiculars and cabled transport to the high mountains and the establishment of central heating in hotels allowed winter tourism to be born and with it the practice of snow sports. The first winter Olympic games took place in Chamonix-Mont-Blanc in , and although skiing remained a marginal and elitist sport, from onwards low-cost classes de neige classes in the snow were popularized for skiing.
French schoolchildren, to make this sport known to the majority of the population. The success of winter tourism in those years quickly turned it into a mass phenomenon. This transformation took place alongside the growth of mountaineering in the area, where sometimes with inadequate equipment and unprepared mountaineers were victims of accidents, often fatal.
Currently this tourism compensates for the maintenance costs of the facilities shelters, etc. The mountain is very high, with very steep slopes and due to its latitude and height, cold, snow and ice are always present.
Any attempt or approach has to be previously evaluated and documented in the offices of the mountaineering associations or mountain guides located in Chamonix, Saint-Gervais-les-Bains, Les Houches or Courmayeur.
Despite these efficient services, every year serious accidents in the massif number in the dozens 30 deaths in the Alps in [ 73 ]. Since the middle of the 19th century, guides have formed associations and their profession is regulated.
The companies themselves are responsible for the training of guides and companions, a new specialty created in the 20th century.
The most important ones are:. For its part, the Mont-Blanc Company was created in to regroup the ski areas of the different companies in the Chamonix valley and merge all the nearby ski lifts.
It employs people up to with temporary workers and its activities range from operating ski lifts to operating restaurants. In addition, it is a common goal among mountaineers who love great heights, and who aspire, at least once in their lives to repeat the ascent of Michel Gabriel Paccard and Jacques Balmat. The ascent is not difficult, but it is long and must be tackled after good preparation, prudently and with great attention to weather conditions, following if possible the alpine guides and their recommendations, although it is not mandatory to hire their services.
Can be found more than a hundred ways to reach the top, but the "usual channels" and the most used are these: [ 79 ] [ 80 ]. Currently Mont Blanc welcomes thousands of mountaineers a year they reach the top between and m , and it is falsely considered a long climb, but easy even if you are used to the altitude. However, every year the massif takes many victims, between five and seven a year just for the Via Real.
Under Mont Blanc, there is a tunnel of It is a unique gallery with two traffic directions and constitutes one of the largest transalpine transport routes. The longest part is on French territory, 7, m compared to 3, m on the Italian side.
On March 24, , a truck caught fire inside the tunnel, causing one of the biggest car tragedies in Europe. The combustible material present in the vehicle and amplified by the kiln effect of the tunnel created a fire of great proportions in a short time.
It took firefighters 53 hours to put out the fire and 39 charred people died. The tunnel was closed for three years during which major structural and regulatory improvements have been made for its safety, and an escape route for passengers has been built under the road. On the Italian side, the construction of cable cars began in the s that linked Courmayeur with the Torino refuge , at an altitude of 3, m.
However, the Second World War paralyzed the progress of the project, which was finally inaugurated in In the French company inaugurated a new cable car that linked Chamonix with Aiguille du Midi, replacing the old funicular.
The work was carried out jointly by France and Italy and the stretch of the glaciers was a technical feat for the time. The cable car opened in Leaving Courmayeur, the first section reaches "Pavillon di Monte Frety" at 2, m and over a difference of m; the next section reaches the Torino refuge at m almost two thousand meters in 11 minutes ; it continues to "Punta Helbronner" at m, where it crosses a slope of m; Then it goes up to Aiguille du Midi, the highest point, which is at 3, m, and descends to "Plan de L'Aiguille", at 2, m, to later arrive at Chamonix, which is at an altitude of m.
If Mont Blanc has been preserved from buildings, the need to protect alpinists has led to several high mountain refuges, some since the 19th century, on its slopes or in the vicinity, on the access routes to the top.
The most important are:. Since the s, attempts have been made to establish cross-border programs to make human activities compatible with the conservation of the Mont Blanc massif , and to harmonize the measures adopted in the three countries that share it, France, Italy and Switzerland.
The process has been complex and slow, due to the large number of institutions involved, both local and national. This study contemplates the management and protection of a wide cross-border area around Mont Blanc, the implementation of which is carried out through the Espace Mont Blanc body, in which 35 municipalities from the three countries and a series of local and regional institutions participate.
In , the massif of Mont Blanc was proposed by France to be inscribed on the List of World Heritage of Unesco for being an "exceptional and unique place in the world" and a "cultural place of birth and symbol of mountaineering '.
Finally, in January , a tripartite candidacy could be presented jointly, the resolution of which is being evaluated by Unesco. It is one of the most visited tourist sites on the planet and for this fact it is in danger. The Pro-Mont Blanc association published in the book Le versant noir du mont Blanc The black slope of Mont-Blanc , which exposes the current and future problems that must be solved to preserve it.
In summer there are between to trips a day. Roughly between 25 and 30 people agreed to the Mont Blanc in , according to the National Council held high mountain in Sallanches , in late August In , Jean-Marc Peillex , the mayor of Saint-Gervais-les-Bains , announced the installation of two toilets dry-compost latrines at m, to keep the snows on the summit clean.
Christophe Profit , a famous mountaineer, has even called for the removal of the shelters, as he says there are tents because they have a shelter nearby. According to the president of the Saint-Gervais guides, "the mountain must be free and that everyone can access the summits without permits, but with good preparation, information and under the supervision of guides.
In and for a time, a group of people began to create fountain pens , until in the German company Montblanc International GmbH was created , which currently also manufactures pens , wristwatches , jewelry, leather goods, glasses and perfumes.
Another company that uses the same name is Mont Blanc dairy , which makes dessert creams. Home Wiki. Mont Blanc. For other uses of this term, see Montblanc disambiguation. The cara on del Mont Blanc. See also: Mont Blanc Massif. Main article: Mont Blanc Tunnel. September 14, Consultado el 15 de septiembre de Archived from the original on December 9, Retrieved November 30, Retrieved December 18, La Repubblica en Italian.
Consulted on 30th November Archived from the original on July 30, Retrieved December 14, Retrieved May 21, Retrieved July 5, Consultado el 10 de junio de Retrieved December 11, Archived from the original on June 23, Retrieved June 9, College de Saussure. Quelques dates ». Quid in French. Archived from the original on November 15, Retrieved December 4, Archived from the original on November 13, Italian Alpine Club. The location of the summit of Mont Blanc is on the watershed line between the valleys of Ferret and Veny in Italy and the valleys of Montjoie, and Arve in France, on the border between the two countries.
Ownership of the summit area has long been a subject of historical dispute between the two countries. The Mont Blanc massif is popular for outdoor activities like hiking, climbing, trail running and winter sports like skiing, and snowboarding. The latter town was the site of the first Winter Olympics.
The Na de Elbroes in de Kaukasus en enkele andere toppen in dat gebergte is het tevens de hoogste berg in Europa, westelijk van de Kaukasus. De Mont Blanc is ,73 meter hoog september , inclusief de sneeuw op de top. Zonder die sneeuw werd in een hoogte van meter bepaald. Cartografen uit Frankrijk en Zwitserland plaatsen het terreingedeelte rond de top in Frankrijk.
Deze opvatting is omstreden: de Italianen beweren dat dit op een fout van een Franse cartograaf in berust en dat de grens precies over de top loopt. Paul Guichonnet i Christian Mollier. They reached a peak altitude of , thanks to the hot weather conditions, which provided strong hot air currents.
Achille Ratti discovered the normal Italian route on descent.
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